Concepts of Best Management Practices for Intergrated Pest, Mosquito

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suitability and sustainable management. The framework identifies the following five key

elements for the successful implementation of IVM: (1) advocacy, social mobilization, and

regulatory controls for public health and the empowerment of communities; (2) collabo-

ration within and outside of the health sector for planning, monitoring, decision-making,

and achieving an optimal use of resources; (3) integration of non-chemical and chemical

control methods plus further integration with other disease control measures; (4) evidence-

based decision making guided by operational research in addition to entomological and

epidemiological surveillance and evaluation; and (5) development of adequate human re-

sources, training, and career structures at national and local levels to promote capacity

building and effective management of IVM programs.

2.6

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE (BMP)

BMP was originally used for water and plant management in the early 1980s but was

later expanded to cover IPM, IMM, and IVM. The BMP for IPM, IMM, and IVM repre-

sents a practice (or combination of practices) that is promoted as an effective and practi-

cable means (with technological, economic, and institutional considerations) of prevent-

ing or reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission to below threshold levels

(Figure 2.2). Major components of BMP are based on surveillance of vector species (dis-

tribution, seasonal activity & activity behaviors), GIS mapping, development of regulatory

action thresholds for immature and adult stages (FMCA 2012, AMCA 2017), monitor-

ing mosquito resistance, conducting source reduction, biocontrol and biorational controls,

proper application of chemical controls like larvicides and adulticides, and using physical

or cultural controls to cut and limit the contact opportunities between vectors and people.

Additional components include monitoring the efficacy and quality of control efforts and

operations, record-keeping, sustainable management practices, public education, citizen

science and community outreach, and encouragement of community participation.

2.7

SUMMARY

In summary, the management approaches for mosquito control are quite different from

one another and there are benefits and limitations to each other. Integrated Pest Mange-

ment (IPM) is a broad category that applies to many kinds of pests and vectors including

a multutide of mosquito species. IPM is broken down into Integrated Vector Management

(IVM) and Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM). IVM is the broad subcategory and

applies to all kinds of vectors including mosquitos, ticks, sand flies, black flies, fleas, lice,

etc. Comparitively, IMM is a narrowed subcategory that only applies to mosquitos, primar-

ily pest and vector species but also concerns benefient species like Toxorhynchites. Best

Management Practices (BMP) is the effective action and implementation of management

plans and strategies for the IPM, IMM, and IVM, which results in the interconnectedness

of IPM, IMM, IVM, and BMP within the grand scheme of mosquito control.